Nobel Prize Winner James Watson Free Essays

Among the most outstanding and disputable Nobel Prize beneficiaries is James Watson. He, along with Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins, was granted the Nobel Prize in the year 1962 in the Physiology or Medicine class. He is one of the researchers who found the sub-atomic structure of the DNA which is hailed as one of the extraordinary forward leaps in the field of Sciences. We will compose a custom exposition test on Nobel Prize Winner: James Watson or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now James Dewey Watson was conceived on April 6, 1928 in Chicago, Illinois. In his initial life, he was supposed to be partial to fowl looking along with his dad. At the point when he was 12 years of age, he was a piece of the acclaimed radio show entitled Quiz Kids, a game which provoked youthful understudies to a test challenge. At 15 years old, Watson entered the University of Chicago with the assistance of the then liberal arrangement of Robert Hutchins, the University president. In 1946, his enthusiasm for the field of science transformed from his previous worry on ornithology to hereditary qualities after he had perused What Is Life? by Erwin Schrodinger. In 1947, he got his Bachelor’s qualification in Zoology from a similar college. Among Watson’s first impacts was Salvador Luria, additionally a Nobel Prize victor. He was fascinated to the latter’s work which uncovered him on the idea of hereditary changes. In the primary long stretches of 1948, Watson began to seek after his Ph.D. research at Indiana University at Luria’s lab. He had the option to meet with another Nobel Prize beneficiary Max Delbruck. Delbruck and Luria were the pioneers of the Phage Group, a development of geneticists who experienced examinations and explores on microbial hereditary qualities. In the end, Watson was likewise ready to work with the gathering as a working researcher. His involvement in the Phage bunch opened up his logical information on the nature and structure of qualities. So as to build up his insight about the segments of a quality, he took a course with another researcher Feliz Haurowitz in 1949 in which he had the option to pick up the customary perspectives on qualities, for example, qualities were proteins and the other way around; that qualities have the ability to recreate themselves; and other logical information about the DNA. In any case, through with each one of those information, Watson was likewise intrigued with crafted by Oswald Avery clarifying that DNA was to be sure the hereditary particle. Towards his doctoral examinations, he experienced X-beams explores which endeavored to de-inspire bacterial infections. In 1950, he got his Ph.D. in Zoology at Indiana University. To have the option to improve more his insight on hereditary qualities and hereditary arrangement, Watson went to Europe to seek after a postdoctoral report. He remained at the research facility in Copenhagen claimed by a natural chemist named Herman Kalckar whose reviews were likewise connected with the nucleic acids. Through his stay with Kalckar’s research center, he had the option to lead explores different avenues regarding another individual from the Phage gathering, Ole Maaloe. The latter’s studies and explores were worried on the DNA and the previous speculation that it is the hereditary atom. In a gathering in Italy where he went with Kalckar, he met Maurice Wilkins who was likewise a given geneticist. In an occasion, Wilkins had demonstrated Watson a X-beam diffraction information for DNA (which was initially turned out to be by Rosalind Franklin). In the wake of seeing the X-beam, he reached a determination that DNA had an unmistakable structure. Watson endeavored to find this through his trial research done in various colleges. Watson went to a choice to be acquainted with performing X-beam diffraction tests for the explanation that such endeavor would lead him to a progressively likely and simpler disclosure of the DNA structure (He was motivated by Linus Pauling who had the option to distribute the protein alpha helix model with his unremitting endeavors in experiencing X-beam probes atomic model. In 1951, Watson, along with Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins, began to work out a progression of exploratory investigates utilizing Franklin’s X-beam discoveries on DNA structure. A discussion was said to happen during the time of test explores among Watson, Crick and Wilkins for the explanation that they were utilizing Franklin’s information and discoveries without the latter’s information and assent. To additionally contemplate Franklin’s X-beam discoveries, Watson went to one of Franklin’s course by which she clarified how she got her discoveries on the DNA structure. Initially, Franklin guaranteed that the DNA was organized in helix-structure. With this, Watson had begun again to build a sub-atomic model however at long last it was condemn by Franklin by saying that the phosphate spines must not be in within yet outwardly. Anxious to complete their endeavor, the two utilized Franklin’s perceptions in their definitive endeavor to show up at the DNA structure model. Notwithstanding, 1951, the supreme subtleties of the synthetic structure of the foundation of the DNA were recognized by Alexander Todd, an organic chemist. With that, Watson and Crick were approached to quit working with the DNA structure in 1952. However the two had never totally set aside their longing to think of the DNA structure model. After various outings which uncovered Watson and Crick to various techniques and test frameworks that could help them in their record on DNA structure model, they were again approached to keep dealing with the DNA basic model by the then research facility executive Maurice Wilkins. As the years progressed, Franklin’s discoveries advances and even developed.â The two, once more, utilized Franklin’s discoveries in their trial research on the DNA structure. The most remarkable commitment of Watson in the whole quest for the basic model of the DNA was his disclosure of the nucleotide base sets. These base sets are supposed to be the central answer in fathoming the structure and capacity of the DNA. Watson utilized the Pauling custom, which he was in the past uncovered. On February 1953, Watson worked out an atom model which utilized a straight outskirts, and exacto cutting edge, white cardboard and glue. He made the particles level in their circle with the goal that he could slide the cardboard models and review how they work. Through such ad libbed models, Watson saw that the greater two ring (An and G nucleobase; additionally alluded as the purines) could be coordinated with a lesser one ring (T and C nucleobases; likewise alluded as the pyrimidines). Watson estimated if the tow sets could be combined through a hydrogen bond which he found conceivable. He at that point saw that the two sets could be put over on one another with the same general arrangement. To expound, the hexagonal rings were focal and the near courses of the five-part rings of An and G were the identical.â Watson seen that various individuals were becoming alright with the end goal that he viewed it as the appropriate response. He was directly for planning such end. Watson’s disclosure of the base sets was unswerving with what Chargaff, additionally a natural chemist, had just worked out. Not all that long that Watson and Crick had finished their trial research on the auxiliary model of DNA by closing the twofold helix type of the DNA. They introduced their discoveries through a diary entitled Nature. With this extraordinary disclosure, Watson and his co-researchers Crick and Wilkins were given the Nobel Prize in 1962 for their revelation of the structure of nucleic acids. All things considered, as referenced prior the discussion including the first works of Franklin had put the three Nobel Prize Awardees in so much reactions principally with their inability to recognize the commitment of Franklin. Be that as it may, Watson took the boldness to explain the issue and evaluate Franklin’s contribution in the revelation of the DNA basic model. In 1968, he distributed a book entitled The Double-Helix which clarified his team’s side in regards to the discussion with Franklin. He explained that it was not purposeful to sidestep Franklin all through their accomplishments. He said that Franklin was extremely one of the people who gave him the driving force to endeavor more diligently and make him progressively cautious in examining his test research on DNA structure.â In the end, his group included Franklin as one of the most significant people behind the accomplishment of their basic model of DNA. Watson’s distributed book caused people in general to acknowledge how researchers like him experience such a great amount of difficulties for logical disclosures which can truly help the whole humankind in elevating the nature of their lives. He had demonstrated that with extraordinary exertion and remarkable penance, anybody could triumphantly accomplish their objectives. Watson didn't stop his logical undertakings with his Nobel Prize honor. He worked with the Genome Project in 1988 which he held up until 1992. References: Hamilton, J. (2004). James Watson: Solving the Mystery of DNA (Nobel Prize-Winningâ â Scientists). Enslow Publishers. Watson, J. D. (2001). The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of theâ â â â â â Structure of DNA (First ed.). Touchstone. Instructions to refer to Nobel Prize Winner: James Watson, Essay models

Learning Disabilities Essay -- Disabilities Education Mental Health Es

Learning Disabilities This semester we have invested most of our energy finding out about and examining how we can best help remarkable understudies. A large number of these understudies are people with learning dissabilities. Despite the fact that it would be hard for each educator to comprehend the differentiations, side effects, shortcomings and qualities of each inability, it very well may be exceptionally useful to have a general information on the inabilities that may upset an understudies capacity to learn. Dissimilar to different inabilities like loss of motion and visual impairment, a learning incapacity (LD) is a concealed impediment. A learning handicap doesn't distort or leave noticeable signs that would welcome others to be understanding or on the other hand offer help (Council for Exceptional Children (CEC),1999). Along these lines as instructors it will be our duty to give that understanding and support for those kids previously analyzed and furthermore be aware of the notice signs that might be side effects of a formerly undetected handicap. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (NIMH, 1999) portrays learning incapacities as follows: LD is a confusion that impacts people groups capacity to either decipher what they see and hear or to interface data from various pieces of the mind. These constraints can appear from numerous points of view. As explicit troubles with communicated in and composed language, coordination, restraint, or on the other hand consideration. Such challenges stretch out to class work and can block figuring out how to peruse or compose or to do math. Learning inability can be long lasting conditions that, sometimes, influence numerous pieces of a people life: school or work, day by day schedules, family life, and once in a while even kinships. In certain individuals, many covering learning inabilities might be evident. Others may have a solitary disconnected learning issue that has little effect on different regions of their lives (National Center for Learning Disabilities (NCLD), 1999). It is imperative to recall that the term learning inability doesn't have any significant bearing to understudies who have learning issues that are essentially the aftereffect of visual or then again hearing issues, mental impediment, enthusiastic issues, or distraught because of their condition, culture or monetary foundation (US Division of Education (USDE), 1999). Comprehending what establishes a LD is just the start. Diagnosing and treating a learning incapacity isn't... ... American Psychiatric Association (APA: 1994). Symptomatic and measurable manual of mental issue (fourth version). Washington DC: Author. Board for Exceptional Children: Division of Learning Disabilities. (1999). Chamber for Exceptional Children landing page. [On line]. Accessible: http://www.cec.sped.org/home.htm Board for Learning Disabilities. (1999). Chamber for Learning Disabilities landing page. [On line]. Accessible: http:/www. coe.winthrop. edu/cld Learning Disabilities Association on America. (1998). Learning Disabilities Association on America landing page. [Online]. Accessible: http://www.ldanatl.org National Center for Learning Disabilities. (1999). National Center for Learning Disabilities landing page. [Online]. Accessible: http://www.ncld.org National Institute of Mental Health. (1999). National Institute of Mental Health landing page. [Online]. Accessible: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/home.htm The International Dyslexia Association. (1999). The International Dyslexia Association landing page. [Online]. Accessible: http.interdys.org U. S. Branch of Education. (1999). People with Disabilities Education Act landing page. [Online]. Accessible: http://www.ed.gov/

What Exactly Does PTSD Do to the Brain

What Exactly Does PTSD Do to the Brain PTSD Causes Print How Trauma and PTSD Impact the Brain By Erin Maynard facebook Erin Maynard is a writer, president of PTSD Survivors of America, and a passionate advocate for people living with PTSD. Learn about our editorial policy Erin Maynard Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Carly Snyder, MD on February 13, 2020 facebook twitter linkedin Carly Snyder, MD is a reproductive and perinatal psychiatrist who combines traditional psychiatry with integrative medicine-based treatments.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Carly Snyder, MD on February 13, 2020 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children Martin Dimitrov / Getty Images Trauma can impact people in a variety of ways and can even have a lasting impact on the brain. In some cases, it can lead to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a trauma- and stressor-related disorder that results in improper processing and storage of traumatic memories. Because of the way these memories are stored, people with PTSD exhibit symptoms such as recurrent memories regarding the event; traumatic nightmares; dissociative flashbacks; hypervigilance; engaging in risk-taking behavior; and an exaggerated startle response.?? Not all people with PTSD experience the same symptoms or have the exact same pattern of brain changes. However, researchers have been able to use neuroimaging techniques to look at some of the different areas of the brain that play a role in the development of the condition. The National Institute of Mental Health reports that an estimated 3.6% of U.S. adults had PTSD in the past year. Approximately 6.8% of all adults will experience this condition at some point in their lives.?? Parts of the Brain Impacted by PTSD Certain structures of the brain are closely related to some of the symptoms of PTSD. These structures include the amygdala and hippocampus (which are part of the limbic system); several parts of the prefrontal cortex (PFC)??; the mid-anterior cingulate cortex and the right inferior frontal gyrus. PTSD causes the hyper-activation of some brain structures while other areas become hypoactive. Both the amygdala and the mid-anterior cingulate cortex become over-stimulated when a person has PTSD. However, the hippocampus, right inferior frontal gyrus, ventromedial PFC, dorsolateral PFC, and orbitofrontal cortex all become hypoactive, some to the point of atrophy. The Amygdala The amygdala is a small, almond-shaped region of the brain that plays a role in several functions, including: Some mating functionsThe assessment of threat-related stimuli (i.e., assessing what in the environment is considered a danger)The formation and storage of emotional memoriesFear conditioningMemory consolidation The Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is an area of the brain found in the frontal lobe. This region of the brain plays an important part in PTSD. Some of the key functions of the prefrontal cortex include: Emotional regulationInitiating voluntary, conscious behaviorsRegulating attentionDecision-makingInterpreting emotions The ventromedial PFC helps suppress negative emotions, as well as playing a role in personal and social decision-making. It also plays a major role in the latter part of memory consolidation, as well as regulating extinctionâ€"the weakening and eventual dissipation of a conditioned response. The dorsolateral PFC modulates decision making and working memory. Working memory actively holds transitory information before it becomes part of the long-term memory during memory consolidation. The orbitofrontal cortex, one of the least understood parts of the brain, seems to be involved in sensory integration and signaling expected rewards and/or punishments in a given situation. It also modulates emotion and decision making. As a whole, the prefrontal cortex is interconnected to many brain functions, including memory consolidation and regulating slow-wave sleep (non-REM sleep, referred to as deep sleep).?? The Mid-Anterior Cingulate Cortex The primary function of the mid-anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is to monitor conflict. The ACC also plays a role in: Emotional awareness (particularly empathy)Registering physical painRegulating autonomic functions like heart rate and blood pressure Research has found that decreases in cortical thickness in the ACC are linked to increased PTSD symptoms.?? The Hippocampus The hippocampus helps regulate smell, spatial coding, and memory. More specifically, the hippocampus helps store long-term memories, basically helping to decide what goes from being a short-term memory to what becomes a long-term memory. This process of turning short-term memory into long-term memory is what is referred to as memory consolidation. Damage to the hippocampus can also release excess cortisol (a stress hormone).?? The Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus The right inferior frontal gyrus is involved in modulating risk aversion. Studies show that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of this brain region may  reduce some risk-taking behavior.?? The Brains Response to Trauma When your brain identifies some type of threat, the amygdala is responsible for initiating a fast, automatic reaction known as the fight-or-flight response. Think of the amygdala as the alarm that sounds when something poses a danger. This alarm prepares your body to respond, either by dealing with or getting away from the threat.   The amygdala also communicates with other areas of the brain, including the hypothalamus, which then releases the stress hormone cortisol. It is the brains prefrontal cortex that must then assess the source of the threat and determine if the body needs to stay on high alert to deal with the threat or if the brain needs to begin calming down the body. The prefrontal cortex acts as a braking system that helps return your body to a normal state when you realize that the threat doesnt pose a danger or after the threat has passed. When people have symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, the amygdala becomes hyperactive while the medial prefrontal cortex becomes hypoactive. In other words, the part of the brain that triggers a fight-or-flight response responds too strongly, often in a way that is disproportionate to the danger posed by the threat. At the same time, the part of the brain responsible for calming this reaction does not work well enough. How the Fight-or-Flight Response Works The Consequences of Trauma When examining the functions of the various structures of the brain, the correlation between a change in those structures’ activity levels and some PTSD symptoms becomes clearer. Hypervigilance The over-activity of the amygdala presents as symptoms of hypervigilance and the exaggerated startle response.?? Because the amygdala overreacts, norepinephrine is released but then not adequately controlled or dealt with by the prefrontal cortex. As a result, people with PTSD experience symptoms of hypervigilance. They become overly aroused and are on high alert, which can make it hard to relax and to sleep. A person may feel that they are always tense and even small triggers can lead to react as if they are facing or re-experiencing their original trauma. Distorted Recall The hippocampus is involved in explicit memory processes and in the encoding of context during fear conditioning. When the hippocampus fails to function optimally, it impacts the way a person remembers and recalls memories, especially memories that contain a fear elementâ€"such as those related to trauma.?? In terms of PTSD symptoms, this results in: Recurrent memories regarding the eventDistorted negative beliefsDissociative flashbacks Impulsive Behavior Changes to the right inferior frontal gyrus help to explain why people with PTSD may suddenly engage in high-risk activities. Research has found that reduced cortical thickness in certain areas of the brain associated with emotional regulation and response inhibition, including the right frontal gyrus, is linked to impulse control problems in PTSD.?? A Word From Verywell When thoroughly examining the relationship between brain function and a persons symptoms, it becomes easier to understand many of the complex manifestations of PTSD. Although understanding the brain in this way may not provide direct symptomatic relief to someone living with PTSD,  it can be helpful in understanding why the symptoms are happening and, in turn, help the medical community continue to develop more effective interventions. Coping With PTSD

Hamlet Hero Or Villain - 2396 Words

Hamlet Essay: Hero or Villain? Distinguishing between a hero and a villain can be extremely difficult especially if one does both heroic and evil actions. A perfect example of someone that may confuse others of a fair or foul status is Marvel’s Deadpool. Deadpool is a very unique character in Marvel’s franchise as he is not necessarily categorized as a hero or villain, he is mainly seen as an anti-hero as he seeks out good deeds, but uses morally incorrect ways to accomplish them. The play Hamlet by William Shakespeare introduces us to a character named Hamlet, who is also the Prince of Denmark, is gone to by the apparition of his dad and told that his uncle Claudius, who is presently King, was in charge of his homicide. Hamlet is torn about attempting to retaliate for him, and winds up putting on a show to be crazy. He employs actors to do a play around a man who murders his sibling to wind up lord to see Claudius response. Hamlet affirms that Claudius was dependable, winds up being injurious to his mom Gertrude for shacking up with the killer of his dad, and murders his sweetheart Ophelia s father suspecting that it is Claudius. Ophelia goes crazy from having her sweetheart slaughter her father and bites the dust. Her sibling Laertes is angered and is persuaded by Claudius to execute Hamlet. The two fight, and both are lethally harmed. Gertrude inadvertently drinks the toxin that Claudius had arranged for Hamlet and kicks the bucket. Hamlet then finally kills ClaudiusShow MoreRelatedHamlet - Hero or Villain1126 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet - a villain and a hero. Hamlet comes across as both a hero and a villain throughout ‘Hamlet’ at different intervals. His loyalty, morality, honesty and popularity are certainly heroic traits however one can’t deny his villainous ways in his dealings with Ophelia, his killing of Polonius and most importantly his delaying of killing Claudius. Hamlet is full of faults yet full of honourable intentions. His negative qualities are slim compared to his heroic qualities therefore I believe HamletRead MoreHamlet : Hero Or Villain?1588 Words   |  7 PagesToluwani Emmanuel Falade Professor Brunson ENGL 1302-160 3 May 2017 Hamlet: Hero or Villain? Humans are rational mammals, blessed with a prevalent knowledge, however, even with this interesting capacity, people are flawed. They encounter intricate and powerful feelings that meddle with their thinking aptitudes. Heroes in comic books, plays, motion pictures, and other anecdotal works can be culminated and transformed into what are known as legends. Heroes can be portrayed as optimistic, valiantRead MoreEssay on Heroes and Revenge in Hamlet and The Spanish Tragedy1389 Words   |  6 PagesHeroes and Revenge in Hamlet and The Spanish Tragedy In Elizabethan drama, it was accepted that the villains of the piece would, because of their evil methods and aims, be revealed and punished - in other words, justice would be served. The problem, however, arises when the heroes of the piece use the same methods as the villains. I use the term hero warily, as the traditional hero of a revenge tragedy is one who would at first seem completely unsuited to a revenging role; Heironimo is portrayedRead MoreDiscontentment in William Shakespeare ´s Hamlet899 Words   |  4 PagesThe villain and the hero in any plot are basically the same person. The only difference is that the hero settles for less and is content with what he has and the villain always desires more and is discontent with his life. Many people are discontent whether it be from not having enough money, not strong enough relationships, or imperfect lifestyles. Hamlet is discontent with his life and always asking and scheming for more. The constant stream of wanting more eventually dries up and Hamlet is leftRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare918 Words   |  4 Pagesa conflict between hero and villain. In some stories, there is a plot twist where the hero is also the villain—but in Hamlet, there are no heroes and many villains. In Hamlet, every character has lied, kept secrets or is seeking revenge that leads to a tragic ending at every corner, but what we fail to see is who the true villain is. Looking at the character of Hamlet throughout the play, it is easier to spot his many dishonorable actions than his few honorable ones. Hamlet is often viewed as anRead MoreThe Tragedy of Hamlet Essay941 Words   |  4 PagesThe Tragedy of Hamlet In life the border between sanity and madness is thin and undefined. 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There are two actions in the play that are duplicatedRead MoreShakespeares Great Heroes 908 Words   |  4 Pagessuch as Hamlet, Laertes, and Fortinbras take the heroic journey to bring back the natural balance of their kingdoms. Although many heroes many not live until the end, â€Å"The point is, not how long you live, but how nobly you live† as said by Seneca the Younger. In his play, Shakespeare shows realistic portrayals of what a t rue masculine hero would do. In Shakespeare’s Hamlet, the male archetype is portrayed as a hero through Hamlet’s, Laertes’, and Fortinbras’ actions. Hamlet, the princeRead MoreHamlet As A Tragic Hero850 Words   |  4 Pagesperceived as a hero if they revenge? 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There are also tragic heroes. Shakespeare is famous

The Reflection Of Charles Dickens Great Expectations

The Reflection of Charles Dickens in Great Expectations Introduction: The general definition of reflection is† to bring or cast as result â€Å". Dr. Harvey from Macquarie University define reflection as â€Å"an intended action, it depends on the past actions, present actions, and future actions.† In this paper we will see the reflection in â€Å"Art†. Art is the reflection of the identity and personality, for example in painting, drawing, writing, and many more. Art can symbolize the personality of the painter, writer, and more. For most writers, poets, and novelists we can see their works are mostly connected and related with their lives. One of the greatest writers in the Victorian era was Charles Dickens. Charles was the second child in Dickens family after his elder sister Fanny Dickens. Dickens was born in 7th February, 1812 in Portsmouth, United Kingdom and died in 9th June, 1870. He was an English writer and social critic. Dickens lived during the industrial revolution which was the great time of transformation in the nineteenth century in London. He supported the social ventures such as the foundling hospital for abandoned infants. Dickens was famous for his unique and realistic works; in addition most of his works are focused on the subject of orphans and the importance of education. For example, we have the Character â€Å"Oliver† from the novel Oliver Twist he was an orphan child born in a workhouse, not educated and a pickpocket. Another child character is â€Å"David† fromShow MoreRelatedCharles Dickens Great Expectations943 Words   |  4 Pages This is true in many cases but none as much as in Great Expectations. In many ways the narrator/protagonist Pip is Charles Dickens in body and mind. While there are many differences between the story and Charles Dickens life there remains one constant. This constant is the way Pip as the narrato r feels, because these feelings are Dickens s own feelings about the life he lead. Since Great Expectations was written towards end of Charles Dickens life, he was wiser and able to make out the mistakesRead MoreGreat Expectations Analysis1614 Words   |  7 PagesGreat Expectations was written by Charles Dickens during the Victorian period and follows the life of Pip, our protagonist, as he works his way up the social hierarchy of the Victorian society. It was first published as series from 1860 to 1861. It is written as a bildungsroman: a genre of writing which pursues the life of a character from their childhood to their adult life. This novel has been hugely influenced by the author’s own life; who also worked his way up the social ladder. The story isRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1208 Words   |  5 Pagesevident in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations. Through very complicated, conflicted characters, he demonstrates an artful story about guilt, fea r, expectations, and love. All of these topics which are present in the novel are so present in life, we might not even notice them in our own. Other writers and even musicians, use these themes to grasp at their own realities, trying to reach for the imaginary straws hanging above their faces, and the stories that they tell are a direct reflection of thisRead MoreGreat Expectations, by Charles Dickens Essay1094 Words   |  5 PagesEssay on Great Expectations (by Charles Dickens) Explore Dickens effective â€Å"language† to create â€Å"setting† and â€Å"character† in the opening chapter of Great Expectations. Dickens opens the theme of death early in the chapter. In the second paragraph he mentions the tombstones of Pips parents, â€Å"I gave Pirrip as my fathers family name on the authority of his tombstone†. This informs us that Pip experienced death at an early age. He goes on to describe the churchyard and the land aroundRead MorePersonal Ambiguity In Great Expectations1397 Words   |  6 Pagesto analyze it. The search for self, as well as knowing and trusting one’s self is echoed through out literature humanity; it could be haunting and cause great trepidation, to hold on to a vision that could alter their judgement; as well can cause a fierce storm in the supreme realm that is objective truth. Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens, is a coming of age story of a young man named Pip, seeking to establish stability, as well as find meaning in his life through love and self identificationRead More Abusive Women in Great Expectations Essay example990 Words   |  4 PagesWomen in Great Expectations      Ã‚  Ã‚   One may infer that Dickens may have been attempting to acknowledge the birth of female freedom, due to the industrial revolution, by way of the female characters actions within Great Expectations. 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As the novel progresses, various events happen to Pip, which makes him more aware of the reality he is livingRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1283 Words   |  6 PagesCharles Dickens, an English author who is accountable for creating classics such as Oliver twist, A Tale of two cities, and A Christmas Carol is regarded as one of the most influential authors ever. When Great expectations got published in 1861, it got mixed criticism but ever since the 20th century until the present it’s now received the â€Å"classic† status. Great Expectations is a standout amongst the most well-known and tremendously cherished books by the immense expert of Victorian expositionRead More Importance of Setting in Great Expectations Essay3386 Words   |  14 PagesImportance of Setting in Great Expectations      Ã‚   Charles Dickens viewed London as a place of economic competition and death. In Great Expectations, he used the prevalent bleakness of the places in London to illustrate the unproductiveness of the social and economic struggle which he viewed as fatal, both literally and figuratively. His depiction of this economic struggle is reflective of the nineteenth centurys preoccupation with the rise of the middle-class. Janice Carlisle says, TheRead MoreAnalysis of The Hanged Mans Bride, The Trial for Murder and Confession Found in a Prison2347 Words   |  10 Pageson my study of Charles Dickens, I have decided to focus upon three short stories to write about in detail. These are: The Hanged Mans Bride, written in 1860, The Trial For Murder, written in 1865 and Confession Found in a Prison, written in 1842. To enable me to understand the stories better and also Dickens interests and motivations, I have carried out necessary research on historical, literacy contexts and other biographical details. Charles Dickens stories could

IT project for Banking and Finance Free Essays

This paper seeks to chronicle the history of information technology in finance from its infancy to the modern era with special attention place on the Caribbean experience. The paper therefore presents a summary of major (IT-based) innovations and an analytical framework with which to Structure an historical review Of how Information Technology innovations were adopted in the financial services sector and their impact. The early history of Information technology globally First wave From as early as 1846 the financial sector has been using Information Technology (IT), the history traces back to financial markets when the eelgrass was used to reduced stock price differentials between New York and regional stock markets. We will write a custom essay sample on IT project for Banking and Finance or any similar topic only for you Order Now Information technology was later employed in 1866 with the transatlantic cable equally enabled greater integration of securities trading in New York and London (B;tic-Lazy, Wood 2002). Further integration took place as the completion Of the transatlantic cable reduced the time delay to execute a trade in New York, which had been initiated in London from six weeks to only one day. These early innovations were accompanied by statistically significant evidence that the introduction of primitive forms of telecommunication substantially educing or even eliminated foreign exchange and security price differentials between geographically distinct markets, (B;tic-Lazy, Wood 2002). Hence at that time information technology’ reduced interest rate risk and operational risk for the institutions. In addition greater use of telegraph or telephone facilities also resulted in price related information becoming homogeneous by linking the head office with branches in different domestic and international locations or by providing dealers and banks with the same price information in a timely manner. Second wave A second wave of Information Technology innovation in retail finance began n the late asses with the introduction of computers. This introduction allowed institutions to keep up with growth in business volume while, at the same time, solve very specific problems and automate existing practices of specific departments. This resulted in the branch network quickly turning into the main point of contact with retail customers. A process-directed automation thrust dominated the specific application period and aimed at undercutting the cost of administrative tasks such as the labor-intensive cheese clearing systems. Computer applications were therefore concentrated n back-office operations (Morris, 1986), this was because it was felt that controlling a growing mountain of paperwork provided the potential for economies of scale at that time. As the benefits previously mention became apparent the incentive to automate at the individual branch bank level and to improve market-wide processes became greater. Technology further helped developed banks and took on the challenge of reducing cost and expanding their level of customer service and efficiency. In 1967 Barclay Bank (ELK) introduced the first Automated Teller Machine (ATM) in the world (Barclay, 1982) while IBM introduced the magnetic stripe plastic cards in 1969. These two innovations marked the birth of electronic banking. The chart of Figure IA on the following page shows this information. Use of Technology in the Organization, 1845-1995 (Figure IA) Impact on the Provision of Retail Finance Early Adoption Specific Application Emergence (1846-1945) (1945-1968) (1968-1980) Innovation in Reduction in Conversion from Growth of cross Service Offering inter-market price bank relationships. ATM introduced. Guaranty Automated bank statements. Operational border payment. Increased branch to Differentials. Cheese Automation of branch Functional cards. Reduce cost of coordination labor intensive head clearing system). Branches accounting. Innovation office and between n activities (I. E. Real time control begins. (Sources: Morris (1986) and Squint;s (1991)) In a nutshell, technological changes have spread throughout many internal aspects of the banking organization. During this period the convergence of telecommunications and computer power resulted in true Information Technology applications as the emphasis of technological innovations shifted from data processing to communications. The Evolution stage Electronic banking is an umbrella term for the process by which a customer may perform banking transactions electronically without visiting a brick-and- mortar institution. This form of banking became popular in the early ass it was facilitated by banks mailing their customers a floppy disk with software that the customer could install onto their PC and accessing their accounts from the privacy of their homes. ( Canasta Research on 07/02/2013). Initially this service was for a fee. Then in the mid ass a big leap occurred with banks setting up websites for consumers to access both product and contact information. Within a few years after internet banking functionality was launched, this made the process of doing your banking online easy and accessible to everyone. This form Of banking has emerged as an option to customers and was offered by Caribbean banks as well. The major benefit according to one survey is an estimated cost providing that the routine business of a full service branch in the USA is $1. 7 per transaction, as compared to 54 cents for telephone banking, 27 cents for ATM (Automatic Teller Machine) banking and 1. 5 cents for Internet banking (Nathan 1999; Pun et al. , 2002). However it is unclear whether cost savings ill be the primary benefit derived from the adoption of e-banking systems, as any cost reductions achieved may not be a source of sustained competitive advantage for individual commercial banks. Cost savings using e-banking techniques are generally easily replicated by competitors. Secondly, cost savings are also accompanied by reduced entry barriers or increased market transparency leading to a further intensification of competition, ( Belgrade, Paris and ward, 2005 Key technological changes in retail finance Year Name Characteristics Contribution 1979-1985 Telephone Branches retail Multi-channel distribution system Banking UK, US intermediaries for banks base on an integrated customer account and information system ( Figure B) 1988-1996 Monde Cards (I-j) Debit card with re-writable Facilitate small value retail transactions micro chip with the potential to substitute central bank issued notes and coins 1989-1998 Digit cash (ML) Electronic only medium of Payment system and products that depend exchange and unit of account exclusively on only high-speed communication done through computers 1995-2001 Security First First intermediary working Technologies open new opportunities for Network Bank (US) through the internet. Ink growth and offer managers of banks possibilities to achieve high organizational flexibility Source (B;tic-Lazy, Wood 2002) The Barbados Experience Improvements In Barbados all banking institutions and major credit unions offer the most basic forms of e-banking. There is a well connected network of automatic teller machines (Atoms), telephone banking, debit cards, and electronic funds transfers (OFT). The majority of the ATM use in Barbados came about as a cost savings measure. Consequently, ATM banking has become the most popular form of electronic banking in Barbados, with even some non-bank entities costing similar services. However, the graduation to the next level of e- banking, Internet banking has been sluggish. According to ( Belgrade, Paris and Ward, 2005 ) the lack of advancement is for a number of reasons, one most obvious is a divide between customers who wish to use the technology and those who simply prefer traditional banking methods. However the increase in efficient by Automated Teller Machines can been seen in the graph below figure B Observation of Traditional and ATM banking: A Busy Day (No. F Customers per 30 Minute Intervals) Bank I 8 36 ATM I 10 90 15 Source: pa iris (2001 ) Traditional (Teller) A 5 c Within the back office operations of the institutions they have been major improvements across the banking sector, with the use (ARTS) Real Time Gross Settlement and, (ACH) Automatic Clearing House with increase capacity to process transactions. With regards to information systems Finance Core banking system is one of the information systems use as a customer management information syste m. The use of this system has allowed institutions to capture customer information which can then be used for the modeling of products to specific target markets base on the habits of the institutions clientele and overall profile. In accordance with the know-your- customer guild lines some Transactions Processing Systems such as Finance are even able to go a step further and record personal life events such as weddings, anniversaries and future plans of younger children and other personal information. Which all assist in the construction of products and services that will meet customer’s needs at every stage of their life. Hence the (T AS) is used as a strategic management information system in some institutions. In addition to cost savings and increase capacity (IT) has brought about payment innovations such as Sure-pay in Barbados. Sure-pay is a payment undying service that allows customers to pay an array of their bills in one location. The company Sure-Pay began its service just offering basic utility payments, and eventually evolve into a well recognize efficient entity which at one time even offered a payment service for tickets for former airline Red Jet and has now expanded to Trinidad Tobago. Risk The issue of capital flight and money laundering are real concerns that will surface with Internet-Banking, also the ability and cost of regulating this form of banking. This is especially so in an small open economy with a fixed exchange rate such as Barbados. For example if capital is allowed to leave at an rapid unregulated rate this could place pressure on the central bank’s reserves which can have a negative effect on the exchange rate and cause the parity of the dollar to be threatened, especially in cases where settlement of the transaction will be require in foreign currency. With respect to money laundering if we look at Internet-Banking it is unique because it offers the user anonymity, rapid transactions speed and wide geographic availability. For those reasons the issue of depositing and withdrawing money in and out of the system is extremely important because t is easy for layering to occur. Encryption technology, fire walls and the use of digital signatures are extremely vital verification tools and should be standard operating procedure with this evolving technology. An added defense in breaches or affiliated criminal activities is that banks should adhere to the commonly cited know-your-customer guidelines. If properly implemented, within an effective operational and regulatory framework, such guidelines should prove pivotal in preventing these kinds of crimes. Future expectations The future of Information Technology and the financial service industry will only be limited by the imagination of those who use the technology, or the regulators who need to keep abreast of how new technologies will permit circumvention of the law. How to cite IT project for Banking and Finance, Papers

Security terminology Essay Example For Students

Security terminology Essay SecurityTerminologyDefine the following terms:1.Authentication ability to identify who it isa. ACL (access control list) is associated w/ a given resource. Describes groups, users, machines and their permissions associated with that particular resource. i.Token- one time only password keyb.CA- certificate of authority- creates certificates -system or entity trusted to generate and distribute digital certificates. Can be privately used or from a 3rd party e-commerce site. Verifies identity of user. Authentication method. c.RA- Registration Authority-issues certificates-RA verifies credentials supplied by an agent and then sends the CA an okay to issue a certificate. d.PKI- Public Key Infrastructure- Policies and behaviors that surround the deployment and management of key pairs. How you issue two keys at one time. e. Kerberos- Authentication method used by Microsoft. Uses 3 different protocols, listed belowi.TGT- Ticket granting ticket. Allows you to request resources on the network from servers. ii.TGS- Ticket granting server. Accesses a particular network server for tickets. iii. AS- Authentication Server. Equivalent to a morning check-in at security desk of a hotel. Checks the identity of a server. f.CHAP- Challenge handshake authentication protocol. Was designed to replace the PAP. Communication between server and client proving identity. i.MS-CHAP- Microsoft CHAPg.PAP- Password authentication protocolh.X.509- digital certificate that uniquely identifies a party. Standard structure of a certificate. i.KDC- Key distribution centerj.Biometrics- Authentications based on human anatomy. k.Multifactor- Authentication based on 2 valid authentication methods. l.Mutual Authentication- Client establishes identity to server. Server provides authentication information to client to ensure that illicit servers cannot masquerade as genuine servers. Both parties have to authenticate. 2.Encryption- hiding data using algorithms. protection, method of code, algorithms, formulas a.Asymmetric keys- pair of key values one public and one private. b.Symmetric keys- single encryption key generated. c.DES- Data Encryption standard developed by government. d.Diffie-hellman- encryption algorithm named after its two creators. e.IPSec- used for encryption of TCP/IP traffic. Method of encrypting any IP transmissions. f.PGP- Pretty good privacy- mainly used in email less secure than the PKI. g.RSA- Rivest-Shamir-Adleman- encryption algorithm named after its 3 creators. Using two pair keys. h.SSL- Secure Socket Loader- used mainly on web servers to transmit securely via HTTPS://3.Network protocols and organizationa.DMZ- Demilitarized zone- Zone used for public access. Used with FTP, web servers and DNS servers. b.IDS- Intrusion Detection System- 2 types: Active and Passivec.NAT- Network Address Translation- Appends to your logical port. Protects internal hosts. Used with proxy servers. Translates internal IP to Real IP. Uses unique port table. There is 65,000 portsd.Tunneling- ability to go to 1 point to another as though you are a single proprietary line. 1 logical circuit. Used with Virtual Private Networks. e.PPP- Point to point protocol. f.PPTP- Microsoft product. Enhancement to point to point protocol. Called point to point tunneling protocol. Allows Point to point to be used in a tunnel. i.MPPE- MS point to point encryption. Encrypts within a tunnel. g.L2TP- Layer 2 tunneling protocol Siscos version of MPPE. Works with IPSEC. Works to encrypt with Ipsec. h.RADIUS- Remote access dial in user service- usually used with Unix or LENIX systems. An authentication system. i.RAS- Remote Access Server- provides users to dial in from anywhere. Allows you to connect with different location computers with dial up. j.RPC- Remote procedure calls. Links to another remote program. Ability to access remoter computer and access a program and execute it on your own computer. Loads program onto your computer from another computer. 4.Attacks and detectiona.Sniffing Looking at network traffic and deciphering it for propaganda uses. b.Stateful Inspection- firewall protection. Inspects entire packet. Looks at words in the packet. Used with proxy servers. .ub7d182830786d4d398932029f877081e , .ub7d182830786d4d398932029f877081e .postImageUrl , .ub7d182830786d4d398932029f877081e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub7d182830786d4d398932029f877081e , .ub7d182830786d4d398932029f877081e:hover , .ub7d182830786d4d398932029f877081e:visited , .ub7d182830786d4d398932029f877081e:active { border:0!important; } .ub7d182830786d4d398932029f877081e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub7d182830786d4d398932029f877081e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub7d182830786d4d398932029f877081e:active , .ub7d182830786d4d398932029f877081e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub7d182830786d4d398932029f877081e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub7d182830786d4d398932029f877081e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub7d182830786d4d398932029f877081e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub7d182830786d4d398932029f877081e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub7d182830786d4d398932029f877081e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub7d182830786d4d398932029f877081e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub7d182830786d4d398932029f877081e .ub7d182830786d4d398932029f877081e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub7d182830786d4d398932029f877081e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Declaration Of Independance Essayc.Spoofing- Impersonating a computer or network. d.Trojan horse- program that appears to be working fine and replicates good programs. Performs malicious acts to your PC. e.Zombie (bot)- a logic bomb. A virus waiting for certain variables to be met before activating. Program does same thing. f.DOS- Denial of Service- example- flood of pings. 1 person denied internet access. g.DDOS- Distributed denial of service- Across the board denial of service. When an entire network goes down. h.Backdoor- allows you to enter a certain area with different credentials. Easy way out. Creating another way to enter a system if your system gets hacked. i.Man in the middle- MITM- used to gather information between hosts. j.Brute Force attack- Guessing passwords. Trial and error. k.Hijacking- take over someones computer. Aka-replayl.Social engineering- Used by individual. Examples: looking over persons shoulder for password, dumpster diving, impersonating on phone, phishing through fake

“The World is Flat” Essay Example

â€Å"The World is Flat† Paper Name: Course: Instructor: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"The World is Flat† specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"The World is Flat† specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"The World is Flat† specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Book report on â€Å"The World is Flat† 1. The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Friedman is an elaborate work, which provides the effects of globalization in the 21 century. The term â€Å"the world is flat† is used metaphorically and is used to indicate the dire need for level playing ground for global commerce and business. A level playing ground for commerce is essential in that it provides the competitors with similar market conditions for growth of commerce. Additionally, the term â€Å"the world is flat† is an indication of the increasing irrelevance of geographic and social boundaries in the world (Friedman, pp. 41). Hence, organizations in the contemporary business setting are increasing their competitiveness and profitability using aspects such a technology and globalization to enhance their cause in achievement of global competitiveness. The author provides that he as an advocate for liberalization of markets to result in global free trade. He also provides criticism to states around the world resisting the changes in terms of global commerce and business. The book is based on individual research, individual reflections and conversations with the public. Friedman provides that there are ten flatteners of the world which aid in making the business and commerce fair for all organizations in the world. The first flattener is collapse of The Berlin Wall in September 11 1989. The author describes in the book that, â€Å"When the walls came down, and the windows came up.† (Friedman, pp. 45). It symbolized the end of the cold war and gave way for people from either sides of the wall to engage in rebuilding the society and economies as well as engage in constructive commerce. In essence the fall of the Berlin war was an indication of the end of communism and paved way for technological changes such the increased use of personal computers for interactions and use in commerce. Technological advancements peaked during this period resulting in the introduction of new products such as Windows, personal computers, word processing, dial up modems and standards tools for communication such as global telephone communication system. Such have e nhanced globalization through improved channels for communication. The entry of Netscape into the field of technology was a main flattener in that the firm instigated the access of the internet to a larger part of the population. Netscape enhanced access to the internet from the previous restrictions, which only provided limited numbers of people with access to the internet. This is essential in that it played a significant role in the process of digitization. Products such as music, files, pictures and word documents could be easily accessed from the internet and manipulated by people in the various parts of the world. Hence, the internet has enabled interactions from a global perspective thus increasing commerce from a global perspective. The development of Netscape and its entry into the digital market provided a precedent in terms of digital and other technological advancements around the world. It resulted in the development of the fourth flattener, which is workflow software. This is defined in the book as the interactions of machines without the involvement of human beings. This according to Friedman would provide the world with a new means of interaction through the creation of a new platform for collaboration. In addition, this would also lead to the fourth flattener, which is open sourcing. This is made possible by the presence of an elaborate platform for collaboration of the various online projects. Such include the present online platforms such as Wikipedia, online softwares and blogs. This according to Friedman is, â€Å"the most disruptive force of them all† (Friedman, pp. 53). The fifth flattener is outsourcing which allowed modern day companies to delegate or split activities such as services and manufacturing. This is essential for companies in that they are able to achieve efficiency and costs effectiveness of costs reductions using such approaches. The sixth flattener according to Friedman is offshoring, which the author defines as the ability of organizations to take advantages of incentives provided by other countries necessitating the relocation as a means for cost reduction. Entry of countries into the World Trade Organisation (WTO) has facilitated increased competition in an increasingly competitive world. This is because of the need by such countries to encourage trade in their respective territories with incentives such as lower taxes and operating costs. In addition, offshoring as provided in the book has allowed for the seventh flattener, which is described as supply chaining by Friedman. Supply chaining has increased because of offshoring and collaboration. Supply chaining is widely used by multinational entities in that they focus on diversity of markets to increase profitability and reduce the potency for risks. He points out that successful companies such as Wal-Mart provides an elaborate example for attainment of competitive advantage through diversification, clear lines of supply and distribution of products and services to the customers. The eighth flattener is in-sourcing which entails the execution of services on behalf of other organizations. This enables other entities to reduce their costs of operation as well as increasing the revenues of the entity executing the services for another organisation. The ninth flattener is in-forming, which is the increased ability of the society or people to find information with ease, which is aided and provided by the internet through the various search engines. The last flattener is what Friedman defines as â€Å"the Steroids† which comprises of the modern digital products such as cellular telephones, Personal Digital Assistants., Instant Messengers, iPods and voice Over Internet Protocols. From the ten identified flatteners, it is expressly evident technology has been a major driver towards the achievement of globalization and realization of â€Å"flattening† in Friedman’s words. 2. The â€Å"flattening† of the world has been an inevitable phenomenon in the modern society (Friedman, pp. 61). This is because of the technological advancements evidenced in the modern society through the presence numerous changes in the social interactions as well as in the world of commerce. In addition, it is also evident that commerce and technology have become mutually reliant on each other for relevance. Electronic commerce is evidently increasing in that it has assumed a great position in the society by enabling the society to achieve globalization. Electronic commerce is defined as the sale and procurement of goods and services using information technology systems. Literature provides that there are three specific waves of electronic commerce. This include putting up market information on the world wide web, allowing online orders in terms of sales and purchases and construction of electronic means of exchanges for funds and provision of means for receipt of goods and services. Essentially technology and the related advancements are currently the largest used channels of communication. This is because of the numerous avenues for communication by the internet. This has been a driver of growth in that it has enabled business around the world to assume global expansion strategies as well as accrual of benefits such increased efficiencies and reduced costs of operation. Modern day technology in comparison to traditional technology used in business is different in entirety. This is evidenced by the large-scale application of technology-based products in the execution of tasks in the contemporary organisation. Technology advancements have aided the development of new products, services and new approaches to satisfy the consumer needs and wants as well as providing consumers with profound experiences thus subsequently cultivating customer loyalty. Technology and the internet are the highlights of modern day advancements. They enable simultaneous execution of numerous tasks delegated in an organisation. Hence, an organisation is able to use technology and related products for costs reductions in processes and activities in the organisation. Cost reduction is considered as one of the greatest challenges in the management of an organisation. This is because costs are usually brought about by either necessary or unnecessary processes or activities in the organisation. Technology has been a driver in terms of organizational practices assumed by contemporary organizations (Friedman, pp. 63). Innovation and creativity are also strong points for any organization. This enables an organisation to achieve competitive advantage brought about by new products, services and new approaches in terms of execution of tasks in the organisation. Hence, majority of corporations around the world, if not all corporations around the world, have undertaken the incorporation of electronic commerce as a means of diversifying the market access. The internet provides both individuals and corporations and the society with numerous economic opportunities in an era marked with declining employment and revenue opportunities for individuals and corporations respectively. It provides for intermediation and disintermediation, frictionless commerce and trade, competitive pricing strategies assumed by an organisation and personalized sales and marketing for the consumers. Disintermediation and intermediation arise from need to decrease and increase the value chain especially in respect to the sale or market for soft goods. Disintermediation allows for the reduction of the value chain in specific instances such as the sale of soft goods such as music and files. Majority of this genre of products are sold via the internet. This is good for an economy in that it ensure the reduction in prices of commodities and resulting in subsequent increase in demand of the commodities. It essentially reduces the costs for the producers and the customers. Customer costs are reduced by their ability access goods and services form the comfort of their homes and offices. In addition, it reduces the costs of operation for the producers in that the line of distribution is shortened which also includes the reduction of possible intermediaries who increase costs of services and goods (Friedman, pp. 60). The time for access of goods and services is reduced because of the elimination of intermediaries such as retailers and wholesalers. This is because the producer is involved in direct contact with the consumers. Direct channels of communication are paramount in such relationships between the consumer and the producer in that they provide the consumers with an avenue to air their complaints in terms of the ability of the products or services to provide satisfaction of needs and wants. On the other hand, re-intermediation is brought about in that; the connection with intermediaries such as brokers, wholesalers and retailers provides an organisation with access to a specific market segment. This is essential in that organizations are able to increase their diversity in terms of access o new markets and consumer segments. This provides organizations with the much-needed avenues for improving service delivery to the consumers in the market (Friedman, pp. 69). Commercial opportunities in the internet are available to both organizations and individuals seeking to start enterprises. Frictionless commerce is usually attractive for both the customer and the organisation. This is because it provides mediums, which ensure minimal contact between the customer and the seller. Organizations could use the internet by using approaches, which would ensure that they are able to increase their profitability and levels of competitiveness. Increasing skills and knowledge as it relates to functions in an organisation with respect to technological advancements is paramount in contemporary organizations. Organizations could ensure that they have access to highly qualified individuals with employee programs such as training and development of employees in preparation for the technological changes, which have been gradually changing market conditions and commerce in general. Traditional commerce has been embedded in friction, which arises from issues such as costs of finding partners, costs of gathering information about products and consumers and the costs of establishing customer trust and loyalty. For achievement of frictionless commerce, there is paramount need for individuals in business as well as corporations to ensure they have adequate and perfect information about consumer needs, wants and their respective markets of operation. Organizations could ensure that they have adequate information about the pricing strategies and trends used in a given market. This allows for preparations by an organisation with the aim of ensuring that they maximize their revenues. Pricing strategies should be made with respect tom the demand and supply of goods and services issued by an organisation in its respective market of operation. Miscalculations about pricing of services and goods in a market would be a costly mistake for an organisation (Friedman, pp. 77). Organizations and business people could also take advantage of the technological advancements and ensure their survival using personalized marketing approaches provided by an organisation. Personalized marketing is essential in the contemporary business settings as it provides the organisation with an avenue of attracting potentially loyal consumers of its products and services. Customer trust and loyalty is usually based on the satisfaction of the consumer needs and wants and the provision of the customer with a profound customer experience. Hence, an organisation should be able to invest in marketing approaches, which ensure attraction of new customers. In addition, this could be enhanced by research and development of new products and services in the market. Research and development is paramount for organizations, which aim at achievement of their strategic goals and objectives. Research and development could entail research on new products, strategies, and markets’ viability. This provides the organisation with the much-needed precise information about issues, which relate to the achievement of its strategic goals and objectives. Organizational functions are usually driven by the need to increase profitability through understanding the consumer needs and wants. Understanding the consumer needs and wants is essential in that it provides the organisation with information such as the current and future consumer trends. Such information provides the organisation with information, which could be used in planning and budgeting to ensure the satisfaction of the consumer needs and wants (Friedman, pp. 89). Conclusively customer focus could be achieved with use of technology systems. An organisation usually exists because of the presence of customer who are purchasers of the organization’s services and products. Additionally, organizations could ensure their presence in the internet and provide for electronic payments and the subsequent deliveries of products. such usually provides security to the consumer that he or she is able to get additional value for the services and products purchased from an organisation. Special focus on consumer needs and wants ensures that an organisation has perfect information about the consumer needs, wants and preferences; resulting in the development of goods and services which are sufficient for the consumers in their efforts of satisfaction of their needs and wants.

Boston Bottles Essays

Boston Bottles Essays Boston Bottles Essay Boston Bottles Essay Boston Bottles Data Modeling Problem Draw an REA diagram with cardinalities and tables with primary keys, foreign keys, and non-key attributes for the following business: Boston Bottle (BB) buys and sells a variety of glass and plastic bottles nationwide. The proprietor of the company assigns each glass and bottle to an inventory type and assigns a unique # for each type (a type can contain numerous glasses and bottles). An individual sale or purchase can consist of multiple types of inventory. Inventory types are not tracked until they are purchased and put in a warehouse. A warehouse can have many inventory types, but it doesnt have to have any. An inventory type can be found in more than one warehouse. Customers are not assigned to any particular salesperson: anyone can service them (a relationship is not needed). However, vendors typically deal with one and only one buyer, unless the buyer quits or leaves the employment of BB, in which case the vendor works with a different buyer. Buyers do not have to work with any vendors, if they just started, but they can work with many vendors. Each sale or purchase involves just one BB employee: a salesperson or buyer, respectively. Sales and purchases are only for inventory. These two types of employees are tracked in separate database tables. Customers and vendors are added to the database without any transactions taking place (including being assigned to a buyer in the case of a vendor), however they can be involved in many transactions over time. Each employee fills out one timecard each week, therefore each timecard belongs to one and only one employee. The timecard allows the employee to get a paycheck on the last day of the following week. A separate check is written for each timecard and is made out to only one employee (or vendor in the case of a purchase). Timecard #’s for each employee change from week to week. Employees get a timecard immediately when they are hired. The employee in payroll who collects the timecards and the cashier who distributes the paychecks are not modeled in the database. Cash receipts and cash disbursements are from one and only one cash account. New cash accounts are added to the database when they are opened with a deposit. Sometime after this checks can be written from them. Employees are added to the database on the day they are hired (but before they are involved in a purchase or sale, or involved with a vendor). Cash accounts can have many receipts and many disbursements. A single purchase must be partially paid for immediately and the remainder can be paid within 30 days. However one check cannot pay for more than one purchase (just as one cash receipt from a customer cannot pay for more than one sale). The only payment terms BB has for a customer is to pay immediately in cash in full. Only one vendor or customer is involved in a transaction, however cash receipts and disbursements take place within other cycles of BB. All employees can be involved in many of their respective transactions over time. Here is the data of interest: Inventory type # Sales invoice # Purchase order # Vendor quality rating Remittance advice # Customer # Buyer employee # Vendor name Date buyer started working with vendor Salesperson employee # Timecard # Hours worked per employee per pay period Inventory type description Purchase date Salesperson commission rate Inventory type selling price Total sale dollar amount Sale date BB Check amount Cash account # Total cash receipt amount Quantity of inventory type in warehouse Cash account balance BB Check # Customer name Customer address Buyer telephone # Vendor # Warehouse # Warehouse location Quantity of an inventory type sold

Money Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Money Crisis - Essay Example To sell more profitable subprime mortgages, mortgage companies bundled the debt into consolidation packages and sold the debt on to other finance companies. In other words, mortgage companies borrowed to be able to lend mortgages. For example, the lending was not financed out of saving accounts (Mortgage Guide). These mortgage debts were bought by financial intermediaries. The idea was to spread the risk, but, actually it just spread the problem. Usually subprime mortgages would have a high risk assessment rating. But, when the mortgage bundles got passed onto other lenders, rating agencies gave these risky subprime mortgages a low risk rating. Therefore, the financial system denied the extent of risk in their balance sheets (Mortgage Guide). Many of these mortgages charged a balloon interest rate in which, they charge low interest rates in the initial period, but at the end of the introductory period interest rates rise rapidly (Mortgage Guide). In 2007, the US had to increase interest rates because of inflation (BBC). This made mortgage payments more expensive. Furthermore, many homeowners who had taken out mortgages two years earlier now faced ballooning mortgage payments as their introductory period ended. Homeowners also faced lower disposable income because of rising health care costs, rising petrol prices and rising food prices. This caused This caused a rise in mortgage defaults, as many new homeowners could not afford mortgage payments. These defaults also signaled the end of the US housing boom. US house prices started to fall and this caused more mortgage problems. For example, people with 100% mortgages now faced negative equity (Mortgage Guide). It also meant that the loans were no longer secured. If people did default, the bank couldn't guarantee to recoup the initial loan. The number of defaults caused many medium sized US mortgage companies to go bankrupt. However, the losses weren't confined to mortgage lenders, many banks also lost billions of pounds in the bad mortgage debt they had bought off US mortgage companies. Banks had to write off large losses and this made them reluctant to make any further lending, especially in the now dangerous subprime sector (Shah). The result was that all around the world, it became very difficult to raise funds and borrow money. The cost of interbank lending had increased significantly. Often it was very difficult to borrow any money at all. This affected many firms who had been exposed to the subprime lending. It also affected a wide variety of firms who now have difficulty borrowing money (Shah). The slowdown in borrowing has contributed to a slowing economy with the possibility of recession in the US and all around the world. Credit Crunch in the UK UK mortgage lenders did not lend so many bad mortgages. Although mortgage lending became more relaxed in the past few years, it still had more controls in place than the US. However, it caused very

Geology of Qatar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Geology of Qatar - Essay Example These natural resources contribute actively towards the realization of the skyrocketing economies experienced in the nation. For instance, there are several places in the country of Qatar supplied with natural gas and oil deposits2. These are some of the powerful natural resources that make the country gain international recognition, respect as well as realize robust economies. In addition to natural gas, Qatar also has several deposits of oil fields. This makes the nation on e of the largest oil producers in the world. This works well with boosting as well as expanding the economies of the state of Qatar. Other than the natural reserves, it is of crucial significance to note that the country of Qatar also boasts of a collection of beautiful sceneries, geological features as well as landscapes. Some of these geological features as well as scenic beauties have contributed massively towards strengthening the economy of Qatar in several diverse ways. For instance, the myriad of features have ensured heavy flow of tourists into the nation of Qatar to have an experience as well as identify with some of the natural features. This has ensured generation as well as creation of foreign exchange, improved employment conditions as well as upholding nation’s pride. The foreign exchange as well as income earned from such tourism activities has led to massive eco nomic growth in the region. This paper is going to explore some of the geologic features found in the sovereign state of Qatar. In addition, the paper is going to focus on some of the surface features, the terrain as well as landscape of the nation of Qatar. It is of critical significance to note that Qatar is one of the states with sabkhas forming some of the geologic landform features. The sabkhas are always characterized with dry burrows. This presents greater risks to geologists due to the fact that such dry burrows may always host deadly animals like snakes that can bite geologists. This presents one

HSBC Pricing Strategy Analysis

HSBC Pricing Strategy Analysis As long as the wider economic situation remains doubtful, it is advisable for HSBC to adopt a wait-and-see approach and a careful look at their businesses, stress testing them for both economic downturn and full-blown recession. And it would be useful to factor in the wider commercial and operational impacts through combined risk, valuation, economics, operations and HR teams. Certainly, for financial services firms like HSBC, crisis management still necessary in the form of asset and portfolio revaluation on a mark-to model basis for both management and constitutional accounting purposes and this may need some independent validation. Within the last decade the best consumer bank HSBC garnered awards along with soaring rankings. This was just one of those awards won by the HSBC in its excellent performance. Such achievements, rankings, and awards can be directly resulting from HSBCs business strategies. As the last decades success is not ever lasting due to increased competition in the industry facilitated by globalization, trade liberalization rather is become more difficult for the corporation to maintain its leading position through offering the excellence in the service. The company needs to add diverse values to its strategy to establish its position in the target segment. Traditional views on competitive advantage have highlighted such barriers to entry as economies of scale, patent protection, access to capital, and regulated competition. More recent views have highlighted different aspects of competitive advantage, a firms human resources and human capital. New demands facing organizations as a result of heightened competition, globalization, and technological advances have put a premium on creativity and innovation, speed and flexibility, as well as efficiency. The UK government is amending its regulation in an aggressive manner to secure the industry from the future crisis. Operating environments in the economy have continued to improve as the effects of government and central bank policies work through the system and it may be that HSBC has passed, or are about to pass, the bottom of the cycle in the financial markets. Reducing branded activities that present high risks has become a key governing issue for the retail banking industry. After the crunch, the key challenges the banking industry facing is the shortages of capital liquidity/lack of funding, high credit costs, and global price volatility. HSBC may modify its strategy to comply with the economic down-turn and the tightened regulation. Financial projecting and strategy may need careful reappraisal as many expectations supporting HSBCs strategies, plans, budgets and transactions could well need revision and material change might also have to be disclosed under regulatory, statutory or stock exchange obligations. A comprehensive contingency strategy to overcome disaster and business continuity need to be organized to gain a transparent understanding of decision making process in the case of sharp market fall. Plenty effort may need to be considered to establish changes to models, policies, processes and operations in response to lessons learned. HSBC needs to be organized to comply with the next once in a lifetime financial shock. The UK government, which has been widely criticised in the wake of the near collapse of the Northern Rock, wants to reform the current system by imposing new rules and regulation. HSBC may follow a flexible strategy where it can easily adopt the regulation maintaining the higher customer satisfaction level. As the crunch could well shake out further changes in regulation, or prompt further demands for change from stakeholders. Reviewing risk model adequacy by transparency of exposures or by back-testing of model assumptions on asset volatility, correlation, and liquidity may be carried out by HSBC to maintain the safeguard. Reviewing the adequacy of the reporting system, focusing on the transparency, rationality and strength of valuation models; accuracy and quality of underlying reference data; adequacy of controls on model use and maintenance; consistency in the bases and assumptions of risk and valuation models (particularly as assumptions may not reflect recent experience); and effectiveness of risk escalation procedures in the event of serious market volatility or disruption. HSBC may check policies, procedures and availability of skilled people to respond quickly and effectively to serious market volatility or disruption to stem losses (or even make profits). It may also review the adequacy of: Limit framework; reporting framework; Stress-testing procedures. HSBC needs to play their pricing strategies very carefully; as it has generated many hundreds of millions of pounds per annum in revenue from these charges. Review operational capability to handle the situation, with particular focus on: effectiveness of the process, infrastructure along with functional capacity (front, middle, back office) and straight through process/workflow evaluation. Specifically, in response to a competitors pioneering new product introduction, academic research finds many conditions that suggest a greater desirability of immediate market entry while many other conditions suggest a greater desirability of a delayed response. The areas where there is a consensus among decision makers with the academic literature, as well as areas where views differ from that of the literature. Changes and discusses insights gained into the decision making processes of managers for market entry timing decisions. The study can help managers in follower firms achieve greater success in formulating market entry timing strategies by reducing ambiguity in the timing implications of many internal and external conditions, as well as by drawing attention to potential action biases. As the Crucial Official Government and Agency Economic and Financial Data are of highly questionable in terms of validity; HSBC may educate itself about the realities of the marketplace using Alternative Data Sources. Collecting and staying familiar to genuine information about the market can save one much financial grief as well as positioning one for profit. As technology plays an important role in the Banking industry, HSBC may integrate the latest features in their operational strategy to get the competitive advantage. Technology helps the company to introduce differentiation among the industry where it can help the bank to charge extra if that technology adds values to the customers. Customers Satisfaction by providing customized service to establish the bond with the customers so that they can rely on the Banks activities. By redesigning product with additional facilities HSBC can attract the lower and the mid-level customers. Customer-facing business requirements are also more easily accommodated, and if these principles are applied, operational productivity and operating performance can both be raised. The key to success relies on the quality customer interface and experience, with identifying the need to offer people/individuals something they want to be identified with; fits in with their own brand choices; gives them a sense of control; and is easy for them to use at the time that they want to use it. The expectations of the Customers of the Retail Banking industry towards the service providers is getting higher to get their transactional needs right for every time. With minimizing the tolerance level for error, politicians and regulators championing consumer rights and editors being ready to run headlines about banking mistakes, it is a must for HSBC to have resilient, available and effective transactions processing and management systems. These systems and the change environments within which they are maintained must also be capable of meeting the needs of the current and emerging market needs. It is observed that non-banks have achieved high levels of personalisation in their engagement with customers, and new entrants to the retail market such as PayPal have established the competitive standard. Although PayPal is now a bank, it has achieved a financial performance to rival that of a global banks transactions business by providing an interface to bank services, having an effec tive launch strategy and giving to customers the things that they valued: convenience and the ability to keep their financial accounts private. HSBC may create new channel to get the competitive advantage over the industry rivals. At this time all the organisations now understand the importance of knowing their customers as individually and uniquely as possible. This means understanding individual needs and then being able to relate those individual needs to the actual priorities of each customer at any given point in time. Few systems have the ability to provide insight into a customer lifecycle or into current customer priorities as transactions systems do. In mature markets with high barriers to entry and which display stable market share, data mining can be vastly effective in generating new revenue streams and in establishing a differentiated service proposition. Successful data mining will include the use of refined cross-examination tools and a periodic ad hoc analysis along with data warehouse. Success is determined by integrated process management, detailed transactions analysis and alignment with a clear customer segmentation and strategy. Small and Medium Enterprises have become key players in the retail banking industry as its segment it getting bigger day by day with the globalization and increased competition. A careful selection of SMEs and product modification to attract those SMEs can help HSBC may generate increased revenue. As interest rate is a parameter which plays a key role in the banking industry and investment industry, HSBC can tailor its product in a way where the customer will be attracted and communicate the benefit of the product to the target market to gain competitive advantage. Economic profit may be easier to manage though the environment is more competitive than before by simplifying the investment decision and clarifying the accountabilities. Understanding the value of the customers and identify the sacrifice the bank will have to make to that is the vital issue. Investing in understanding and developing this aspect of their service to customers is a parallel, to develop new products, services, markets and pricing strategies. Operational and business interactions may be obtained by bringing the transactions management at the same place, and these scale efficiencies may also be applied to effective risk and incident/ disaster management. Results for the affected banks are definitely substantial which damage to their good will, opportunity loss of potential revenue and also the cost of modification and remediation. For the people involved in managing the incident it was an uncomfortable time: dealing with imperfect and incomplete data while trying to provide coherent and reliable information to many internal and external stakeholders.

Registration and Billing System Essay

1.1 BACKROUND OF THE STUDY Technology nowadays has played a major role in the success of business and helping business to become more competitive in the industry as well as in the economy. Having a broad understanding and a responsible knowledge of information technology and its role in the new economy enables the business to be successful and reach its goals effectively and efficiently. Since the use of manual system on billing is very time consuming, it is usually done and used only by extremely small establishments. This is where the introduction of computer technology integrated with manual procedures started in businesses. This system will deal with the company billings and also keeps a record of stocks. It is not only highly accurate but also saves much time and money over the long term. The main advantages of a computerized billing and accounting system is fast and accurate invoices, credit notes, purchased orders, printing statements and payroll documents are all done automatically. The accounting records are automatically updated; the data is instantly available and can be made available to different users in different locations at the same time. Computerized  accounting programs reduce staff time doing accounts and reduce audit expenses as records are neat, up-to-date and accurate. Billing system can give the company and its clients all of the required da ta that they will need for items related to billing. The major advantage of having billing system in place is that they allow you to effectively manage customer payments. The Royal Residence Condominium is the third project of a proven and tested company, the BESTWAY Construction and Development Corporation, in the field of Real Estate Residential Development. The project was conceptualized to offer an innovative property investment opportunity and set a benchmark in making upscale residence-service provider, a lucrative business. The project was completed in a period of one year, from the ground breaking in September 2010 to receiving its Certificate of Occupancy in September 2011. The Royal Residence Condominium has been established to meet the growing need for convenient, safe and wholesome residence-provider and as a second home to qualified university and college students, board reviewees, and young professionals in the metro City of Baguio. The Royal Condominium is a 7-storey building with 4 commercial units (canteen, mini-mart and stock bar, laundry shop and salon spa) and 12 condominium residential dormitory units. Each unit consists of 12 condotel-like rooms. The Royal Condominium is located along Rimando Road, Aurora Hill- Trancoville, Baguio City. 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The study aims to design a computerized registration and billing system for Royal Condominiums. The proposed system will minimize, if not, eliminate the existing problems the company encounters with regards to the registration and billing system. The minimization and or elimination of the existing problems would then make the information more effective, efficient and reliable. It will also facilitate an organized billing system for the user through the implementation of a computer – based information system that can help in the organization’s operations to become more efficient and reliable. The study aims to answer the following questions: 1.2.1 What are the hardware to be used in the billing and registration system? 1.2.2 What are the processes involved in the said system? 1.2.3 How to incorporate the billing and registration system in the existing  setup of the company 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1.3.1 To identify the hardware to be used in the billing and registration system. 1.3.2 To enumerate the processes involved in the billing and registration system. 1.3.3 To know how the billing and registration system be incorporated in the existing set-up of the company. 1.4 IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY The researchers have conducted a study about the application of a Front Office System (FOS) with regards to Billing and Registration to Royal Dormitory and Condominium since there is no existing Information System (IS) yet. Manual transactions of more or less 200 tenants have given rise to problems in processing records. In line with this, this study of application of a FOS will provide an appropriate solution. It will give a faster recording transaction and more accurate records to improve the business process. A shift from manual transaction to an automated one will benefit both the business and the residents for both greater satisfaction and comfort. Being a student is never easy. But this study will make the researchers more patient and prepare them to the fast approaching business world. As students, it will help the researchers be knowledgeable in the operation of a business. Since they are yet to be businesswomen, it is a stepping stone to professionalism. To other researchers , this will serve as a guide and a motivation. Hardships had been a deposit but success is always priceless, indeed. 1.5 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION The research was conducted to be able to give solutions to the problems being encountered by the Royal Residence Condominium-Dormitory. Conducting such research requires a deeper understanding the problems of the business entity. The research covers the problem of the said business entity with regards to their registration and billing system. The researchers proposed an Information system – Registration and Billing System – which can help the entity to lessen errors when it comes to recording transactions among their tenants (College students, reviewers, transients and others) because the entity does not have an existing information system. The proposed system would then require less processes and human errors with the desired output of the entity. More or less 200 tenants occupy the said entity in which it  composes of men and women of with different age brackets. Tenants of the dormitory came from different provinces who are usually college students. The said entity is near universities and also near different business establishments which gave interest to customers to live to the Royal Dormitory and Condominiums. Before the research started, researchers scheduled interviews which were used by the researchers to create a proposed system by conducting an interview with the owner/manager which have great control over the registration and billing system of the company. With the help of the information given by the owner/manager of the entity, researchers were able to understand the main problem of their entity and be able to propose an appropriate Information System with regards to the problem. The researchers collected the needed data and information for their proposal. After gathering such information, problems being encountered by Royal Dormitory and Condominiums were determined and possible solutions were planned. However, different problems may also arise especially if the proposed system of the researches will be effective or might add more errors with regards to the records of the business entity which composes of payment of rent, electric bills, food, violations, and others. The management must make sure that the staff or employee who will control or operate the proposed Information System must have knowledge and be able to know how to handle if ever he/she encounters problem with the system. The proposed system does not cover losses and damages with regards to personal things, money, or gadgets inside the condominium. It only covers the organizing or recording different transactions which are registration of each tenant, their monthly payments of rents or violations and billings of each tenant. The researchers limited the research with these processes to be able to focus on a certain problem which the entity needs at the present. First month of using the information system may result to confusion on how it works and it might also have positive impact with the management and also with the tenants. We cannot also deny the fact that the proposed Information System may arise different problems but as much as possible avoid them. The said research will take five months to finish and be able to help the entity solve their problems and the proposed system has a useful life of 3 years. 1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS Billing System – It is a combination of software and hardware that receives call detail and service usage information, groups this information for specific accounts or customers, produces invoices, creates reports for management, and records (posts) payments made to customer accounts. Information System – It consists of a collection of people, processes, data, models, technology and partly formalized language, forming a cohesive structure which serves some organizational purpose or function. Registration System – it is a system that allows registrars to make changes to the database in real time. References: Anonymous. (2012). Management snformation systems (MIS). p 3 Billing system. (2009). Billing dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.billingdictionary.com/ Glossary. (2009 – 2013). European Identity. Retreived from http://www.eurid.eu/en/ CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Online Registration System Another study is the â€Å"Online Registration System† which was conducted by Al-Shaikh in Jordan. According to Al-Shaikh, the problem is the difficulty to register and manage the data of more than 15,000 students who are taking their exams in the universities using the conventional manual system. Using this system, it is hard to communicate between the colleges and the unit that is responsible for the examination of the students. The gathered data can be inaccurate and the fact that not all the colleges fill their students’ data properly or correctly and data storage might be susceptible to corruption at any time. In his study, the proposed system is the Online-Registration system but it is just a sub-system of Web Portal. Web Portal is defined as a system that presents information from diverse sources in a unified way. The proposed system is a 3-Tier web-based. 3-Tier Architecture is a Client/Server Architecture. In registration system, as a result, after entering the student data to the system, user can have the confirmation to assure the students was enrolled into the exam and the exam receipt to be given to the student. For the reporting subsystem, it will be easily know how many students applied for the exam and the fees required for  each student. Last is the repository subsystem where the user can download the files necessary to manage the activities. Computerized Billing for Time Improves Client Communication and Firm Profitability As cited in the article entitled â€Å"Computerized Billing for Time Improves Client Communication and Firm Profitability† by Murphy (1996), he stated that, accounting firms can improve their profitability and relation with clients by automating client billing with computers. Accounting firms can use personal computer as an economical means of computerizing the billing process. A Computerized Billing System allows accounting firms to more effectively manage their employee’s productivity and give them the means to analyse the hours available and hours billed of each employee. A Computerized Billing System provides more control over accounts receivable and client work processes. Computer in Today’s World Philippines According to the article entitled, â€Å"Computer In Today’s World Philippines† by Bitter (1995), stated that the function performed by the computer division of various organizations has become identified as data processing program expedite many business functions such as the accounts payable system. They keep records of vendor’s number, special accounts and dates of payments. There are many advantages in using an accounts payable package: all information remains in one done automatically; calculations are easily made; the time involved to do work is greatly reduced. Information to Computer and Information System According to the article entitled â€Å"Information to Computer and Information System† by Syzmanski (1998), Computers are used in business for many tasks that can be grouped into category called data processing. Data processing includes tasks such as word processing, billing, and assembling number and facts associated with general office functions, such as order processing, inventory and billing. Billing System A research about Billing System was conducted by various students from International School of Informatics and Management in Jaipur. This study, therefore, is closely-related to our topic which is Billing and Registration System. According to their case study, there are several problems with the existing system the business uses that must be worked on and improved. That’s why they decided to make and propose some solutions for the said system. The researchers – Anil Kumar Anjana, Bhaiya Lal Anjana, and Saurabh Jai – figured out that time (to retrieve and store data) is a common problem with the existing system the company uses. The system also requires a lot of paper works and even a small transaction requires many papers to be filled. Thus, any fortuitous event (such as fire and such) can easily destroy all the data of the organization. A loss of even a single paper or a document can lead to a burdensome situation for the business, because all of the papers are interrelated. Another problem states that the data cannot be shared or utilized by different persons at the same time. Actual movement of the data must be done in order to make it usable by several persons at any time. To sum it all up, these problems should be solved by altering or improving its processes. Time is always of the essence, and it is very important in businesses. Just by the mere identification and analysis of the problems being showed in the existing system, it would cost the business itself MORE once these are not solved. They also conducted a feasibility study with regards to their proposed system. They considered the technical, behavioural, and economic feasibilities of the study. They identified things from software to the hardware that the system might be using once it is implemented. In terms of behavioral feasibility, they studied or evaluated the behavior of the end users of the system which may affect the system’s implementation. Some people are resistant to changes. So, a good estimate should be made on how strong a reaction the user staff is likely to have towards the development of a computerized system. As the aim of the system is only to satisfy the information needs, no employees will lose their position by the proposed system. In fact, the proposed system will help the organization in reducing  the voluminous work involved. With the economic feasibility involved, the procedure is to determine the benefits/advantages and savings that are expected from the system and compare it with the costs to be generated once implemented. If the benefits outweigh costs, such as manpower and hardware and software costs, then it is said to be that the system is approved and ready to be designed and implemented. But, if otherwise happens, wherein costs are greater that the benefits, further alterations should be made in order to make the proposed system a better one. Design and Implementation of Accounting Models for Services in Agent-Based Information Systems According to Rupert Rockinger and Hubert Baumeister, the fast growing field of electronic commerce brings today’s applications to their limits. Information systems are now being used to further automate the processes. A fully automated process can also help busy users who want to spend as little time as possible with a single transaction. A system capable of accounting can return the needed product without requiring any further attention by the user. In the study of Rockinger and Baumeister the design and implementation of the basic agent framework billing system (BABSy) is described. It includes an overview about payment models in everyday life, parts of the system that are already being used today, and where BABSy takes its place in this context, and describes the architecture of BABSy and its implementation using the FollowMe framework. The term ’service’ is used in the study instead of merchandise since in the electronic world goods are often virtual. Buying information for example can be considered the service of supplying this data. With all the benefits of agent technology in mind, one would expect that there are many solutions available for accounting in commercial agent frameworks. This, however, is not the case at this time. Mostly this is due to the fact that agents cover only a certain aspect of the behavior model. To identify the participating agents let’s take a look at a conventional transaction. Say, for example, you buy a meal at your favorite restaurant. Two parties are obvious: you, the paying customer, and the selling restaurant owner. The third party in the interaction is a banking service that provides the guarantee for the payment used. When paying cash this is the central bank of a country that guarantees the value of your bank notes; for credit card payment this is the cred it card company; and when paying by check this will be bank that issued the check. Either way  there is always a third party involved that both others must recognize and trust. So within the agent framework three independent components are needed. One for the provider, one for the customer and a third that represents a banking service. In this paper the design of the accounting system BABSy for services in an agent community was presented. This can greatly improve the value of electronic commerce applications in the future.The design of the BABSy core components covers the most important payment models while still leaving room for further functionality. Most components can be extended for much greater complexity if desired. Online Bill Payment 2.0 Digital financial transactions have caused the increase in consumer convenience and its ease of use that was evidenced by a Consumer Trends Survey conducted by Fisherv Inc. in 2011. Despite the former, e-billing and e-statement users reduced bad debt by 50 percent and at the same time has reduced the reconciliation costs by 40 percent. Electronic billing also has reduced the use of paper, meaning no postage and no wastes. Another upgrade in the digital financial transactions is the personalization of online payment. In one study, payments increased more than 350 percent payments were made with personalized tools compared to other Web-based payment systems (source: confidential client data). According to Mark Snow, the main reason why personalized online billing is more effective than that of the others is the intrigue it creates in the minds of the users. The moment they see that personalized link to access their own website, curiosity kicks in and they want to see more. The ease of access and the convenience that regular online billing providers are doubled by the personalization of the existing systems by directly integrating the billing and payment system to the provider’s account that increases efficiency and reduces the time is called the consuming manual payment processing. He also cited in the article the steps taken in the personalized online payment which starts by sending a personal notification that directly goes to the patient via letter or email. In that letter, there would be an existing link and password that would lead them to the patient’s personal website where the existing personal information and the services the patient has undergone. In the said link, the patient can already pay their bills via credit card, debit card,  or ACH on their account and can even update their personal information. And with just one click of a button, their payment is processed, confirmation of payment is sent to both the provider and th e patient, and the money is already deposited into the provider’s account. References: Al-Shaikh, A. M. (n.d.) Online registration system. Retreive from www.cscjournals.org Anjana, A.K., Anjana, B. L., & Jain, S. (n.d.) Billing system. International school of informatics and management. Jaipur. Snow, M. (2012). Online bill payment 2.0. Health Management Technology, 33(10), 18-19. Bitter, Gary G. (1995). Computer in Today’s World Philippine. The McMillan Com. Smith, Murphy L. (1996). Computerized billing for time improves client communication and firm profitability. (Management of an accounting practice) the CPA journal Syzmanski, Robert A. (1998). Introduction to computer and information systems. merrill publishing co. R. Rockinger. (1999). Design and implementation of accounting models for services in agent-based information systems. Master’s thesis. Institut f ¨ur Informatik. Universit ¨at M ¨unchen, M ¨unchen. Germany. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 3.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Quantitative research methodology was used for this study. Quantitative research is a formal, objective, and systematic process. In situations where little is known, like in the case of Royal Residence Condominium-Dormitory, quantitative method was used in conducting the interviews, to focus groups, and others. Data based on the interview were used by the researchers to find out problems of the existing system used by the said company. Once the problem has been identified by the researchers, then, the quantitative approach will be used to measure to what extent this problem may have to the company and its customers. The said method also aims to answer questions with regards to the â€Å"how many†, and â€Å"how much† of a problem. 3.2 RESEARCH TOOLS Interview The researchers interviewed the marketing officer from the accounting office  of the Royal Residence Condominium-Dormitory. Researchers asked for the information about the company and the existing system the company is currently using and other relevant information that are useful to the study. The actual interview was recorded by the researchers. Observation It has been observed that the administration keeps a lot of paper files. In addition, manual transaction is very evident. These caused problems, and in effect, the researchers proposed the Registration and Billing System. Journals The researchers used some published journals and other related research papers for reference and for comparability purposes. 3.3 EXISTING SYSTEM Currently, the Royal Residence is utilizing the Microsoft Excel as its system. This software is a spread sheet application developed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language. Using excel, the company is able to keep a record of its tenants. One unit has its own excel file where every tenant has his/her own worksheet where his/her amount due can be found. In that worksheet, the utilities payable of the tenant and even the other payables like penalties/ interest are already computed just by entering the formula. Since the system can perform the calculation, the company can determine the total amount due of each tenant by using the functions of excel. In this system, the company still performs the manual input. 3.4 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED WITH THE EXISTING SYSTEM During the interview session with Miss Maria Vilma T. Lerpido, Marketing Officer from the Accounting Management of The Royal Residence Condominium-Dormitory, we asked her if they have been facing some problems with the registration and billing system they are using in the business. And as evidenced by the interview we conducted and through our observation, we have figured out some complications with the system. As for the royal residence condominium-dormitory, time is one of the problems they are encountering with their system. We could say that it is  time-consuming because manual input of data is being practiced. In addition to this, we, the researchers, have noticed that the records of the tenants in each unit in their condominium-dormitory are being individually filed in excel. Each excel file contains the records of the each tenant in different worksheets. One file is equivalent to one unit, with several rooms, in the condominium-dormitory wherein it contains its corresponding tenants’ records. The file consists of the tenants’ payment dues – from the monthly rental up to the electric and water bills a tenant has incurred. Computation of the penalty dues and other expenses by the tenant is being performed by the Microsoft Excel itself. Thus, once an authorized personnel looks for a tenant’s records, it would take time for him searching the name from the list of the documents saved in the computer. So, what if all of the tenants – more or less 200 – would pay their dues at the same time, would the staff do the computations that fast and easy considering that s/he will be accommodating numbers of customers in just a short period of time? The system must be developed to improve its performance, less cost, less pressure, and with that, the personnel can just simply look for the records with the already-computed charges, then, it can already be printed as a physical evidence of the tenant’s accounts. CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND FINDINGS 4.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM One of the advantages of the system is that, it is time saving. It is created in order to save time creating and sending invoices. It has low mistake risks, secured from typographical errors, miscalculations, and erroneous invoicing to the customer. Another is it provides a lot of different features. You can adapt billing program to yourself considering specifics of your business. For example you can define when, to whom, and how often you want to send recurring invoices. It is a cost effective way to protect a record through a centralized application process. Renewal and subsequent changes concerning ownership details can also be handled using this centralized process. And registration ensures a single, consistent approach to monitoring quality service. It gives confidence that all tenants have achieved the same essential levels of safety. For the disadvantages of the  system, Registration and Billing System would be costly. A small business may not afford this. If in case it can purchase, return of investment would take longer. Purchasing this system is a costly investment. Sometimes, the money paid could be used to other greater income generating investments, with higher assurance of return. When the system is implemented, there will be a reduction of labor force. There will be less job opportunities for human resource. And in some instances, the labor force would be too dependent with the system, and considering that the system is not 100 % guaranteed free from error. When the labor force doesn’t personally check the entered information, an overstatement or understatement of accounts may happen. Though, this is one-in-a-million case, the system still possesses accuracy. The system still follows the input data. Once they are mistakenly done, the system will also provide an incorrect output. For example, when the tenant/administration entered a wrong tenant number for a specific payment, then the system will follow what was entered. It cannot detect such an error. The system is restricted to cash payment only. Credit cards and bank transactions are not involved. 4.2 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM 4.2.1 CONTEXT DIAGRAM Registration and Billing System consists three entities – tenant, administration, and accounting. In this system, it starts with the tenant entity wherein it gives details that are needed by other entities. Once the tenant gives those details, the system will work on it in order to produce outputs from the entities in the said system. 4.2.2 DIAGRAM 0 Diagram 0 is a confounded version of the context diagram that shows the major processes done in the system. The start of these processes is to classify the old and new tenants. If tenants are new, a new profile is created, saved in a data store, and the tenant details are used by the system to proceed to  the next processes – create statement, apply payment, and lastly, create reports needed by the administration and accounting entities. On the other hand, once old tenants are sorted, processes would already follow (same with the preceding processes with a new tenant) 4.2.3.1 DIAGRAM 1 PROCESS 3 Process 3 of Diagram 1 revealed three further internal processes – find tenant records (3.1), classify dues (3.2), and compute payment due (3.3). The processes are related to payments – past dues, city services, and rent payments. They have to produce statement of accounts to tenants and invoice details to accounting entity, and the cycle continues. 4.2.3.2 DIAGRAM 1 PROCESS 4 Process 4 of Diagram 1 revealed three further processes – record payment (4.1), create cash receipts (4.2), and update account (4.3). They produced and updated accounts to the involved entities, tenant and accounting, respectively. 4.3 DATA DICTIONARY ENTITY TENANT Name: Tenant Description: One that pays rent to use or occupy land, a building, or other property owned by another. Input Data Flow: Statement of account, Cash receipts, Tenant code Output Data Flow: Personal details, Payment details ADMINISTRATON Name: Administration Description: A body of persons who manage. Input Data Flow: Tenant Profile, Report Details Output Data Flow: Tenant Number ACCOUNTING Name: Accounting Description: The system of recording and summarizing business and financial transaction and analyzing, verifying, and reporting the results. Input Data Flow: Invoice Details, Tenant Accounts, Updated Accounts Output Data Flow: Financial Statement CHAPTER V SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION, AND CONCLUSION 5.1 SUMMARY This project involves information system specifically, registration and billing system. The goal is to make the registration and billing of Royal Residence Condominium-Dormitory easier and more accurate. This has been done by improving their existing system through automation of the said activities. Before, their registration and billing system is manually-operated and it is time-consuming. The research covers the problem of the said business entity with regards to their registration and billing  system which can help the entity to lessen errors when it comes to recording transactions among their tenants (College students, reviewers, transients and others) because the entity does not have an existing information system. The proposed system would then require less processes and human errors with the desired output of the entity. 5.3 RECOMMENDATION Registration and Billing System is effective. However, some recommendations are advised. The researchers recommend further study of the system. It is believed that longer period of research would provide more information that would let users maximize the ability of the system. It is also recommended that the visual presentation of the system be improved. For validity purposes, a good visual presentation would let the users input the correct data. This will reduce human error. The system covers only the registration of the tenants themselves. Registration of all belongings, particularly those gadgets and appliances, is therefore recommended for safety purposes. In addition, the system is limited to cash payment only. As a result, the researchers recommend that credit and bank transactions be included. The researchers also recommend making an assessment of the tenant’s point of view about the system. It is important to acknowledge this since Royal Residence exists because of the m. 5.3 CONCLUSION This study aimed at improving the existing system of Royal. The results of this study indicated both positive results and negative results. It can be concluded that the findings were consistent with their results. Furthermore, this study found that the registration and billing system helped the administration and accounting department for the safe keeping of their documents. In addition, the study also revealed some obstacles that the entity had to face when they applied the system. These obstacles may be summarized as costly, labor force will be lessened and it is not free from human error. However, in the long run, the system is more preferred. This is supported by the earlier findings. To sum it up, elimination of manual transactions benefited the company. The proposed system made transactions faster and more accurate. It is far more advantageous when compared to manual transaction and the existing system by the business-Excel. Thus, introduction of Registration and Billings Syste m is effective and yield the expected positive results.